Self determination ap human geography - May 11, 2023 · Self-Determination Examples. Autonomy – Ryan and Deci argue that autonomy is a key feature of self-determination. It means that you can make decisions without the permission of others. Connectedness – Self-determined people may be able to make their own decisions, but they also have communities and support networks that can enable them to ...

 
Self-Determination: States within a state may begin to defect and potentially create their own borders within the original state. Define and provide examples of "forward" capitals "forward" capitals are capitals of a state that have been relocated in their country to allow a political or economical advantage. . Guadalupe

The ways in which cultural groups make decisions, settle conflicts, and govern themselves. Territory. An area which is under the control of another state or government and does not have sovereignty. State. A country or an organized political organization and has sovereignty. Sovereignty. Supreme power or authority.Dec 14, 2020 · Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te... Overview: Self Determination. Type. Independence. Definition (1) The right of an individual or group to control their own life. Definition (2) The process by which an individual or group control their own life. Definition (3) The power and motivation of an individual or group to control their own life.a force that divides people and countries. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. the part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters. attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory.Definitions for Topics 4.1-4.10. a large aggregate of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory. A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality. A nationality that is not represented by a state.Terms in this set (49) A cultures assumptions about the differences between men and women: their characters, the roles they play in society, what they represent. We first define the "other" and then we define ourselves as "not the other." Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.Colonialism is when a more powerful country attempts to assert its power and influence over a weaker country. Self-determination is the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments. Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself. Territoriality - AP Human Geography. Academic Tutoring. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? Which of these is an example of an elongated state? Math Tutors in Seattle Computer Science Tutors in New York City Physics Tutors in Atlanta SSAT Tutors in Houston Spanish Tutors in Dallas Fort Worth Spanish Tutors in Miami ...Terms in this set (49) A cultures assumptions about the differences between men and women: their characters, the roles they play in society, what they represent. We first define the "other" and then we define ourselves as "not the other." Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.self-determination • irredentism • terrorism 1a. Full separation from Spain resulting to communicate in their own language (Catalan, Galician, or Basque) in schools, business, or government : 1b. Region’s peoples would have own identity, political system, national heritage (e.g., cultural history, holidays, festivals, traditions) 1c.Human Geography Scoring Commentary College College Board on the w response to part A earned 1 1 national groups 1 1 because it explains that already existing spatial patterns of 1 1 1 1 K 1 religious differences may reinforce conflicts. Hoyt’s sector model of urban form. such as peace lines in urban areas AP ® 2022 Self-Determination. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Sharecropper. ... AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Test Review. 35 terms. naj_johnson. Territoriality - AP Human Geography. Academic Tutoring. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? Which of these is an example of an elongated state? Math Tutors in Seattle Computer Science Tutors in New York City Physics Tutors in Atlanta SSAT Tutors in Houston Spanish Tutors in Dallas Fort Worth Spanish Tutors in Miami ...Colonialism is when a more powerful country attempts to assert its power and influence over a weaker country. Self-determination is the process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and governments. Sovereignty is the authority of a state to govern itself. Nov 7, 2016 · The Holocaust. Wilson’s Fourteen Points were based on a major idea—the principle of self-determination, under which nationalities would have their own states. The members of a nationality or ethnic group share a cultural heritage, often associated with the place of its members’ birth or descent. With the collapse of the Ottoman, Russian ... a term associated with the work of Sacks and Andes that describes the efforts of human societies to influence events and achieve social goals by exerting, and attempting to enforce, control over specific geographical areas. landlocked. an interior country or state that is surrounded by land. micro-state.A form of multi-ethnic state, that contains two ethnic groups with traditions of self-determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities. Centripetal Force. An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state. (Example: Nationalism) "directed toward the center".Verified answer. accounting. Project 1 requires an original investment of $125,000. The project will yield cash flows of$50,000 per year for 10 years. Project 2 has a calculated net present value of $135,000 over an eight-year life. Project 1 could be sold at the end of eight years for a price of$8,000. (A) Determine the net present value of ... AP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocabulary. 5.0 (11 reviews) Political map. Click the card to flip 👆. A map demonstrating all man made borders between countries, states, cities, or any areas that are divided by some form of border. Example: A map depicting the border that is drawn between the Untied States, Mexico, and Canada would be an example ... Terms in this set (28) Define Nation State. State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity. The concept of dividing the world into independent nation-state is ____________________. recent. Define Irredentism. states claimed territory based on cultural, ethnic or historical ties. Define ethnonationalism.Self-Determination: States within a state may begin to defect and potentially create their own borders within the original state. Define and provide examples of "forward" capitals "forward" capitals are capitals of a state that have been relocated in their country to allow a political or economical advantage.The right of a people to self-determination [1] is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter 's norms. [2] [3] It states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of ... Apartheid. Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. A apartheid promoted segregation. Balkanization. Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities. The Ottoman Empire went through the process of Balkanization. Balkanized. self-determination • irredentism • terrorism 1a. Full separation from Spain resulting to communicate in their own language (Catalan, Galician, or Basque) in schools, business, or government : 1b. Region’s peoples would have own identity, political system, national heritage (e.g., cultural history, holidays, festivals, traditions) 1c.Domino theory. The idea that political destabilization in one country can lead to collapse of political stability in neighboring countries, starting a chain reaction of collapse. East/west divide. Geographic separation between the largely democratic and free-market countries of Western Europe and the Americas from the communist and socialist ...5 years ago. Yes because cultural relativism is the ideai that's a person's , beliefs, values and practices should be undeestood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria or another and if everybody knows how to associate and study what others believe everyone will be united. •.The study of the effects of geography on politics and relations among states/countries. Territoriality. A willingness by one person or a group of people to defend space they claim. People express their territoriality when they influence others or shape events by asserting control over a space. semi-autonomous Region. Verified answer. economics. A real-world problem faced by policymakers, forecasters, and businesses every day is how to judge the state of the economy. Consider the table below, showing hypothetical measures of real GDP in the coming years, starting at a level of \$ 18.0 $18.0 trillion in 2018 2018 . Year. a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. Have a sovereignty. Synonym for Country. Ex: Denmark, Japan. Nation. A group of people that has a common ancestry regardless of it controlling a territory; an ethnic concept. Ex: The Jewish nation, Native Americans. City-States.What is regionalism AP Human Geography? Self – determination . the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Sovereignty. government free from external control. Verified answer. finance. Explain the close parallel between a capital lease and the borrow–purchase decision from the viewpoint of both the balance sheet and the income statement. Verified answer. business math. Evaluate the expression. (14-7)^2-3 \cdot 8 (14−7)2 −3⋅8. Verified answer.AP Human Geography Ethnicity & Political Geography. Term. 1 / 34. Nationalism. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 34. A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation, shared over common history, culture, but not necessarily political history. Click the card to flip 👆. AP Human Geography Ethnicity Answers Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. It stands as our strongest bulwark for the preservation of local diversity.Jan 12, 2023 · Political geography is the study of the political organization of the world, including the boundaries and power relations between states, the role of international organizations, and the ways in which political processes and events shape and are shaped by spatial patterns. Political geographers also study the distribution of power and resources ... Anthropographic boundaries. geographic boundaries created by human features distributed across land, like language or religion. Geometric boundaries. straight lines that serve as political boundaries. Defining boundaries (step 1) A legal document (like a treaty) where specific boundaries points are described. The ways in which cultural groups make decisions, settle conflicts, and govern themselves. Territory. An area which is under the control of another state or government and does not have sovereignty. State. A country or an organized political organization and has sovereignty. Sovereignty. Supreme power or authority. John C. Baran, Jr., Director, AP Instructional Design and PD Resource Development Cheryl Harmon, Senior Director, AP Instructional Design and PD Resource Development Brett Mayhan, Senior Director, AP Human Geography Content Development Dan McDonough, Senior Director, AP Content Integration SPECIAL THANKSThe North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Au. The African Union (AU) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only African state that is not a member is Morocco.May 27, 2019 · Self-determination theory is a psychological framework for understanding human motivation. It was developed by psychologists Richard Ryan and Edward Deci and grew out of research on intrinsic motivation, or the internal desire to do something for its own sake, not for an external reward. Self-determination theory states that people are driven ... Jan 16, 2022 · AP Human Geography Test Prep / AP Human Geography: Exam Prep Course / Politics, Nations & Geography Chapter. Political Power & Territoriality Lesson; Transcript Reed Hepler, Nate Sullivan, Lesley ... Dec 17, 2020 · Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te... a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a straight which an armed force is forced to pass, therefore greatly decreasing its combat, in order to reach its objective. City-State. a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside. Colonialism. attempt by one country to establish ...World War 1. World War 1 was a global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918. It was sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, and quickly escalated into a full-scale war involving many of the major powers of the time. The main Allied powers in World War 1 were France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, who ...• limited self-determination 2a. Autonomous regions were created to increase local control of ... AP Human Geography Scoring Guidelines from the 2019 Exam ... Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te...AP Human Geography 2001 Free-Response Questions These materials were produced by Educational Testing Service (ETS), which develops and administers the examinations of the Advanced Placement Program for the College Board. The College Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) are dedicated to the principle of equal opportunity, and their Terms in this set (49) A cultures assumptions about the differences between men and women: their characters, the roles they play in society, what they represent. We first define the "other" and then we define ourselves as "not the other." Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor.Self-determination the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will ex: the populations of federal units of the Yugoslav federation were considered a people in the breakup of Yugoslavia, even though some of those units had very diverse populations.In principle, Americans and American foreign policy support the right to self-determination, which is essentially the right of a group of people to control the political system of the territory in which they live. Indeed, the United States itself was born of a rebellion by separatists living in a marginalized, peripheral region of the British ... Verified answer. finance. Explain the close parallel between a capital lease and the borrow–purchase decision from the viewpoint of both the balance sheet and the income statement. Verified answer. business math. Evaluate the expression. (14-7)^2-3 \cdot 8 (14−7)2 −3⋅8. Verified answer. Jan 12, 2023 · Political geography is the study of the political organization of the world, including the boundaries and power relations between states, the role of international organizations, and the ways in which political processes and events shape and are shaped by spatial patterns. Political geographers also study the distribution of power and resources ... A political term that refers to a country which is formally independent, but under heavy influence or control by another country. -States of former Soviet Union Self-determinationStep 2: Understand the Exam Format. Another important thing to keep in mind is getting familiar with the structure of the AP® Human Geography exam. In case you do not know the AP® Human Geography format, this study guide breaks it down. The AP® Human Geography exam is broken down into two major parts.An area organized into a political unity and ruled by an established government that has control over its internal and foreign affairs (Synonym: country) *A good example of a formal or uniform region. *Largest is Russia. Sovereignty. Independence (obtained by a state) from control of its internal affairs by other states. A1. Describe one or more of the following: finance, insurance, real estate, retailing, wholesaling, communications, transportation, administrative, management, health care, media, education, governance, tourism and leisure, food and hospitality, accounting, legal, technology, architecture, or engineering A2. Self-determination the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will ex: the populations of federal units of the Yugoslav federation were considered a people in the breakup of Yugoslavia, even though some of those units had very diverse populations.Self-determination, the process by which a group of people form their own state and choose their own government. According to the United Nations, self-determination is both a right of states to choose their own political and economic systems and a right of peoples to constitute themselves as a state.Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te...Political Organization of Space - AP Human Geography. Academic Tutoring. » Political Organization of Space. Which of the following belongs to the "Quinary Sector" of the economy? The Great Wall of China is an example of which kind of boundary? GMAT Tutors in Boston GRE Tutors in Houston Computer Science Tutors in Denver Calculus Tutors in ... AP Human Geography Unit 4 Vocabulary. 5.0 (11 reviews) Political map. Click the card to flip 👆. A map demonstrating all man made borders between countries, states, cities, or any areas that are divided by some form of border. Example: A map depicting the border that is drawn between the Untied States, Mexico, and Canada would be an example ...The right of a people to self-determination [1] is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter 's norms. [2] [3] It states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of ... self-determination. A principle of international law that states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. A peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between ...Territoriality - AP Human Geography. Academic Tutoring. Which of these descriptions most accurately describes an exclave? Which of these is an example of an elongated state? Math Tutors in Seattle Computer Science Tutors in New York City Physics Tutors in Atlanta SSAT Tutors in Houston Spanish Tutors in Dallas Fort Worth Spanish Tutors in Miami ...The right of a people to self-determination [1] is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter 's norms. [2] [3] It states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of ...Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te...Dependency Theory. States that LDCs tend to have a higher dependency ratio, the ratio of the number of people under 15 or over 64 to the number in the labor force. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The value of the total number of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year). Gross National Product (GNP) Terms in this set (28) Define Nation State. State whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity. The concept of dividing the world into independent nation-state is ____________________. recent. Define Irredentism. states claimed territory based on cultural, ethnic or historical ties. Define ethnonationalism.You’ll explore the patterns associated with human populations. Topics may include: Population density and how it affects society and the environment. Theories of population growth and decline. Population and immigration policies and their effects. The causes and effects of migration. On The Exam. 12%–17% of multiple-choice score. process by which a state breaks down because of conflicts among its ethnicities. Border Landscape. There are two types: Exclusionary and Inclusionary. Exclusionary is meant to keep people out. Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement. Examples: Exclusionary- US-Mexico border. Inclusionary- US-Canada border.Human Geography Scoring Commentary College College Board on the w response to part A earned 1 1 national groups 1 1 because it explains that already existing spatial patterns of 1 1 1 1 K 1 religious differences may reinforce conflicts. Hoyt’s sector model of urban form. such as peace lines in urban areas AP ® 2022a force that divides people and countries. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. the part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters. attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. self-determination. A principle of international law that states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. A peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between ...Dec 17, 2020 · Need help reviewing for AP HUG?! Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te... self-determination 29.L a n dl ock e state sth i mp yur b the land of other states, which gives it a disadvantage in terms of accessibility to and from international trade routes 30. L awof the sbl i ngr d responsibilities concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources. Barron's AP Human Geography - Unit 4A1. Fall of, end, or breakup of the Soviet Union A2. Fall of or end of communism in Europe *Do not accept fall of or end of communism in the world or globally. A3. End of the Cold War A4. Fall of the Berlin Wall or Iron Curtain; reunification of Germany A5. Fall of, end of, or breakup of Yugoslavia A6. Break-up of Czechoslovakia A7. Self-determination the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will ex: the populations of federal units of the Yugoslav federation were considered a people in the breakup of Yugoslavia, even though some of those units had very diverse populations.Verified answer. accounting. Project 1 requires an original investment of $125,000. The project will yield cash flows of$50,000 per year for 10 years. Project 2 has a calculated net present value of $135,000 over an eight-year life. Project 1 could be sold at the end of eight years for a price of$8,000. (A) Determine the net present value of ...This AP® Human Geography study guide will explore those forces that divide (centrifugal) or unify (centripetal) a country. We will define centrifugal and centripetal forces and how they can originate in political, economic or cultural dimensions. We will also discuss why these two forces are vital to the survival of the state.Explanation (1 point) 7 Points: 1 + 2 + (2 + 2) Identify the predominant ranges of the infant mortality rate found in South Asia and western Europe. Must identify both for 1 point. South Asia: 30–59 and western Europe: 2–14 Describe TWO economic reasons for the level of the infant mortality rates in western Europe. Self-Determination. Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves. Sharecropper. ... AP Human Geography Chapter 6 Test Review. 35 terms. naj_johnson.Concept 1: Self Determination. Self determination is the process by which an country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. So, the country breaks away from where it was attached to before and governs itself. An example of this concept in a non-geographical idea is in the book, Lord of the Flies, where ...A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than the people. A condition of roughly equal strengths between opposing countries or alliances of countries. An invisible line than marks the extent of a state's territory. A sovereign state comprises a city and it's immediately surrounding country side. Concept 1: Self Determination. Self determination is the process by which an country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. So, the country breaks away from where it was attached to before and governs itself. An example of this concept in a non-geographical idea is in the book, Lord of the Flies, where ...You’ll explore the patterns associated with human populations. Topics may include: Population density and how it affects society and the environment. Theories of population growth and decline. Population and immigration policies and their effects. The causes and effects of migration. On The Exam. 12%–17% of multiple-choice score. self-determination. concept that countries have the right to govern themselves. sharecropper. a person who works fields rented from a land owner and pays for the rent of and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. racist. a person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism.Terms in this set (45) Frontier. a zone where no state exercises complete political control. Physical Boundaries. coincide with significant features of the natural landscape. Cultural Boundaries. follow the distribution of cultural characteristics. Compact State. the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly.Concept 1: Self Determination. Self determination is the process by which an country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. So, the country breaks away from where it was attached to before and governs itself. An example of this concept in a non-geographical idea is in the book, Lord of the Flies, where ...

Political Geography - AP Human Geography, Chapter 8, Rubenstein. A country that is not fully democratic or fully autocratic, but rather displays a mix of the two types. A country that is run according to the interests of the ruler rather than of the people. A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries.. Tienda kohl

self determination ap human geography

The right of a people to self-determination [1] is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule), binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter 's norms. [2] [3] It states that peoples, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of ... For AP Human Geography. Term. Definition. Ethnicity. A group who share a common identity. Was used as an alternative to term for race. It not just physical characteristics, it also about the person's social and cultural identity. Often illustrated through music, art, or religious traditions. Ethnic Provinces. Step 2: Understand the Exam Format. Another important thing to keep in mind is getting familiar with the structure of the AP® Human Geography exam. In case you do not know the AP® Human Geography format, this study guide breaks it down. The AP® Human Geography exam is broken down into two major parts.What is regionalism AP Human Geography? Self – determination . the ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will. Sovereignty. government free from external control.AP Human Geography Ethnicity Answers Ethnicity is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth. It stands as our strongest bulwark for the preservation of local diversity.Anthropographic boundaries. geographic boundaries created by human features distributed across land, like language or religion. Geometric boundaries. straight lines that serve as political boundaries. Defining boundaries (step 1) A legal document (like a treaty) where specific boundaries points are described.Introduction / Definition. At its most basic, the principle of self-determination can be defined as a community's right to choose its political destiny. This can include choices regarding the exercise of sovereignty and independent external relations (external self-determination) or it can refer to the selection of forms of government (internal ... Introduction / Definition. At its most basic, the principle of self-determination can be defined as a community's right to choose its political destiny. This can include choices regarding the exercise of sovereignty and independent external relations (external self-determination) or it can refer to the selection of forms of government (internal ...See full list on library.fiveable.me Step 2: Understand the Exam Format. Another important thing to keep in mind is getting familiar with the structure of the AP® Human Geography exam. In case you do not know the AP® Human Geography format, this study guide breaks it down. The AP® Human Geography exam is broken down into two major parts.5 years ago. Yes because cultural relativism is the ideai that's a person's , beliefs, values and practices should be undeestood based on that person's own culture, rather than be judged against the criteria or another and if everybody knows how to associate and study what others believe everyone will be united. •.Verified answer. finance. Explain the close parallel between a capital lease and the borrow–purchase decision from the viewpoint of both the balance sheet and the income statement. Verified answer. business math. Evaluate the expression. (14-7)^2-3 \cdot 8 (14−7)2 −3⋅8. Verified answer. a force that divides people and countries. a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland. the part of a governmental unit which oversees noncriminal matters. attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. Au. The African Union (AU) is a union consisting of 54 African states. The only African state that is not a member is Morocco. Explanation: . A cultural boundary is the geographical term for the border between two different ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups. While these often fall along territorial, topographical, or national boundaries, they can be almost anywhere, and cultural boundaries are more likely to be shaped by historical forces rather than strictly geographical ones.a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government. Have a sovereignty. Synonym for Country. Ex: Denmark, Japan. Nation. A group of people that has a common ancestry regardless of it controlling a territory; an ethnic concept. Ex: The Jewish nation, Native Americans. City-States. AP Human Geography 2001 Free-Response Questions These materials were produced by Educational Testing Service (ETS), which develops and administers the examinations of the Advanced Placement Program for the College Board. The College Board and Educational Testing Service (ETS) are dedicated to the principle of equal opportunity, and their.

Popular Topics