Background: Vestibular dysfunction is likely the most common complication to cochlear implantation (CI) and may, in rare cases, result in persistent severe vertigo. Literature on long-term vestibular outcomes is scarce.Objective: This paper aims to evaluate vestibular dysfunction before and after cochlear implantation, the long-term vestibular outcomes, and follows up on previous findings of ... Age at operation, duration of polyacrylamide hydrogel implantation, history of possible side effects to the gel injection, other intercurrent diseases, the reason for present open breast operation, and breast palpation findings before operation were in each case compared with the histological findings on samples taken from breast tissue ...Swelling, bruising, and temporary pain may be side effects of breast implant surgery. After surgery, recovery time is needed to help the cut to heal and the body to adjust. Typical side...The epidemiological literature examining the possible association between silicone breast implants and breast cancer or rheumatological conditions or diseases is far greater today than it was when, in early 1992, FDA determined that the data were not adequate for the assessment of their safety.Oct 6, 2022 · Radiation therapy Enlarge image. Radiation therapy for breast cancer uses high-energy X-rays, protons or other particles to kill cancer cells. Rapidly growing cells, such as cancer cells, are more susceptible to the effects of radiation therapy than are normal cells. The X-rays or particles are painless and invisible. This process is called osseointegration, and it is crucial to the long-term success of the implant. This process can take many months. ... Side effects of dental metal implants: Impact on human ...Jan 29, 2019 · Monje A, et al. Impact of maintenance therapy for the prevention of peri-implant diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Research. 2016;95:372. Muelas-Jimenez M, et al. Long-term survival of dental implants with different prosthetic loading times in healthy patients: A 5-year retrospective clinical study. Migration can lead to several complications, including fistulas, adhesions, abscesses and bowel obstruction. It can also cause infections. Symptoms of hernia mesh migration include pain, nausea, fever, chills, vomiting, swelling, redness, skin irritation, fluid buildup and weight loss.Breast implants are medical devices implanted under the breast tissue or chest muscle to increase breast size (augmentation) or to replace breast tissue that has been removed due to cancer or ...This study provides long-term results of augmentation mammoplasty by a single surgeon (G.P.G.) evaluating available options and reasonable expectations after explantation. Although most of the augmentation patients have a good outcome, some require removal of implants for a variety of reasons and lo … After implant removal, your breasts may sag, droop or appear misshapen. Many people choose to have implant removal with a breast lift (mastopexy). During a breast lift, your surgeon removes excess skin and reshapes your breast tissue. If needed, the surgeon can also reposition the nipple and areola. The result is firmer, more elevated breasts. Jan 17, 2022 · How Breast Implants Change Over Time in the Body. As we age, our skin’s collagen production slows, making our skin more prone to loosening and sagging. Breasts with implants are more prone to sagging caused by the excess weight in the implant and from the natural effects of aging. In this instance, it’s not that different from a naturally ... US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients. 2019 Jan;269 (1):30-36. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002990. To analyze the long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of patients with breast implants. This is the largest study of breast implant outcomes. Silicone implants are associated with an increased risk of ...Both saline and silicone gel implants are FDA approved and widely considered to be safe, long-term options for dramatically enhancing a woman’s figure. While complications can result with either type of breast implant, they are relatively rare. Can you get breast implant illness with saline implants? Yes.May 23, 2023 · bruising. swelling. drooping eyelid or brow. pain in the injected area. other skin discolorations. The majority of these side effects were mild and temporary. Botox is considered safe overall. You ... Some of the complications and adverse outcomes of breast implants include: Implant complications, such as breast pain and changes in nipple and breast sensation Additional surgeries, with... Its main effects are inhibition of ovulation and thickening of the cervical mucus. Many complications have been associated with subcutaneous contraception, including menstrual disturbances, headache, weight gain, acne, dizziness, mood disturbances, nausea, lower abdominal pain, hair loss, loss of libido, pain at the implant site, neuropathy ...Oct 27, 2017 · The reality is that breast implants are not considered to be "lifetime devices," but they are designed to be long lasting and safe. Patients can expect today's implants—the products of decades of research into stronger shells and more stable fillers—to last more than a decade, with the chance of rupture increasing about one percent each year. May 24, 2019 · implant deflation and rupture. change in breast shape, volume, or sensation. thinning of your breast tissue and skin. calcium deposits. breast discomfort. nipple discharge. dropping or bottoming ... The epidemiological literature examining the possible association between silicone breast implants and breast cancer or rheumatological conditions or diseases is far greater today than it was when, in early 1992, FDA determined that the data were not adequate for the assessment of their safety. Jan 18, 2019 · According to 2016 statistics from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the average butt implant surgeon’s fee was $4,860. The national average for augmentation with grafting was slightly ... Oct 5, 2018 · In some cases, the immune system starts attacking the body. This can result in many different symptoms like joint pain, fatigue, mental confusion, dizziness, fever, and hair loss. Some women with breast implants report many different symptoms that do not fit with the diagnosis of one specific disease. Over time, some women develop a pattern of ... Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs.Post-approval Study Updates: IDEAL IMPLANT Structured Saline Breast Implants, Sientra OPUS Silicone Gel Breast Implants, Mentor MemoryGel Silicone Gel-Filled and MemoryShape Breast Implants ...The typical long-term implications of plastic surgery procedures include the following: – Scarring after any procedure. – Rupture or leakage of breast implants. – Breast asymmetry after breast augmentation. – General dissatisfaction with the results. – Implant displacement. – Capsular contracture.implant deflation and rupture. change in breast shape, volume, or sensation. thinning of your breast tissue and skin. calcium deposits. breast discomfort. nipple discharge. dropping or bottoming ...A post approval study on about 100,000 women who had breast implants has shown the long term effects of the procedure. The two most popular breast implants are the silicon gel and saline solution.Mar 11, 2019 · Titanium is a commonly used inert bio-implant material within the medical and dental fields. Although the use of titanium is thought to be safe with a high success rate, in some cases, there are rare reports of problems caused by titanium. In most of these problematic reports, only individual reports are dominant and comprehensive reporting has ... Despite the possibility of contracture, some plastic surgeons still put the implant just beneath the skin or breast or glands in 32% of augmentation implants, probably because the procedure can have a better cosmetic effect and cause less long-term pain than the submuscular procedure.The most common birth control implant side effect is spotting (light bleeding or brown discharge), especially in the first 6-12 months. Sometimes the implant causes long-term spotting, or periods can get longer and heavier. But for most people, the implant makes their periods way lighter. And some people even stop getting a period at all while ...Overview Breast augmentation — also known as augmentation mammoplasty — is surgery to increase breast size. It involves placing breast implants under breast tissue or chest muscles. For some women, breast augmentation is a way to feel more confident. For others, it's part of rebuilding the breast for various conditions.The typical long-term implications of plastic surgery procedures include the following: – Scarring after any procedure. – Rupture or leakage of breast implants. – Breast asymmetry after breast augmentation. – General dissatisfaction with the results. – Implant displacement. – Capsular contracture.Although breast implants don’t actually expire, they aren’t guaranteed to last a lifetime. The average saline or silicone implants may last anywhere from 10 to 20 years. However, many are...The FDA has recently completed a study on the health effects of ruptured silicone gel breast implants. The study was published in the May 2001 Journal of Rheumatology.Feb 14, 2017 · As of January 2017, two lawsuits had been filed in California state and federal courts on behalf of MemoryGel recipients who allegedly suffered serious complications due to leaking breast implants, including: Hives, itching and skin rashes. Severe fatigue. Pain in breasts, chest, lymph nodes and/or ribs. Swollen lymph nodes. Long-term side effects of birth control pills do occur, but using oral contraceptives generally is considered safe and effective for most people. In some cases, pills that contain estrogen can raise the risk of stroke, blood clots, and heart attacks in some people and should be avoided. For many people, the benefits of using birth control long ...Generally, long-term effects can be divided into physical health concerns and psychological/emotional concerns. For physical health concerns, there is a risk of some long-term health problems with breast implants, such as hardening of the implant, rupture, capsular contracture, wrinkling and changes to the sensation of the breast. implant deflation and rupture. change in breast shape, volume, or sensation. thinning of your breast tissue and skin. calcium deposits. breast discomfort. nipple discharge. dropping or bottoming ...Feb 14, 2017 · As of January 2017, two lawsuits had been filed in California state and federal courts on behalf of MemoryGel recipients who allegedly suffered serious complications due to leaking breast implants, including: Hives, itching and skin rashes. Severe fatigue. Pain in breasts, chest, lymph nodes and/or ribs. Swollen lymph nodes. INTRODUCTION. Since the temporary tissue expander was introduced by Radovan 1 in 1982, two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction comprising initial insertion of a tissue expander followed by exchange to an implant after a period of inflation has become a well-established option of breast reconstruction either immediately after mastectomy or later. 2 Most of the current literature concentrates ...Oct 24, 2022 · The side effects of brachytherapy are very similar to those of external beam radiation and include irritation to the bladder, irritation of the rectum resulting in more frequent urination, more frequent bowel movements, tiredness and long-term side effects including difficultly with erections. Before The Prostate Brachytherapy Procedure Feb 14, 2017 · As of January 2017, two lawsuits had been filed in California state and federal courts on behalf of MemoryGel recipients who allegedly suffered serious complications due to leaking breast implants, including: Hives, itching and skin rashes. Severe fatigue. Pain in breasts, chest, lymph nodes and/or ribs. Swollen lymph nodes. Some of the complications and adverse outcomes of breast implants include: Implant complications, such as breast pain and changes in nipple and breast sensation Additional surgeries, with...In 2005, Nicole Daruda received her cohesive gel implants and within two years had noticeable symptoms. In 2010, she left her job due to brain fog, and by 2012, she says, she was bedridden. Her symptoms included chronic fatigue, body aches and inflammation, thyroid issues, constant ringing in the ears, heart palpitations, digestive issues and ...Post-approval Study Updates: IDEAL IMPLANT Structured Saline Breast Implants, Sientra OPUS Silicone Gel Breast Implants, Mentor MemoryGel Silicone Gel-Filled and MemoryShape Breast Implants ...How Breast Implants Change Over Time in the Body. As we age, our skin’s collagen production slows, making our skin more prone to loosening and sagging. Breasts with implants are more prone to sagging caused by the excess weight in the implant and from the natural effects of aging. In this instance, it’s not that different from a naturally ...The side effects of brachytherapy are very similar to those of external beam radiation and include irritation to the bladder, irritation of the rectum resulting in more frequent urination, more frequent bowel movements, tiredness and long-term side effects including difficultly with erections. Before The Prostate Brachytherapy ProcedureJan 22, 2016 · Answer: Long term effects of 500cc implants. Hello, insertion of any implant is associated with risks, but insertion of implants that are disproportionately large has additional risks of rippling, sagging, numbness, and other problems. Your surgeon will be able to advise you whether they feel your implant choice is optimal for your body type. Monje A, et al. Impact of maintenance therapy for the prevention of peri-implant diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Research. 2016;95:372. Muelas-Jimenez M, et al. Long-term survival of dental implants with different prosthetic loading times in healthy patients: A 5-year retrospective clinical study.More than 365,000 women received breast implants in 2021, a 44% increase from the year before.. Breast augmentation remains one of the most common and popular plastic surgery procedures performed in the U.S., and it has a low risk of complications – the most common being breast pain, changes in nipple and breast sensation, scar tissue formation, and rupture and deflation.Mastectomy is breast cancer surgery that removes the entire breast. A mastectomy might be done: When a woman cannot be treated with breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), which saves most of the breast. If a woman chooses mastectomy over breast-conserving surgery for personal reasons.Oct 6, 2022 · Radiation therapy Enlarge image. Radiation therapy for breast cancer uses high-energy X-rays, protons or other particles to kill cancer cells. Rapidly growing cells, such as cancer cells, are more susceptible to the effects of radiation therapy than are normal cells. The X-rays or particles are painless and invisible. Oct 27, 2017 · The reality is that breast implants are not considered to be "lifetime devices," but they are designed to be long lasting and safe. Patients can expect today's implants—the products of decades of research into stronger shells and more stable fillers—to last more than a decade, with the chance of rupture increasing about one percent each year. Long-term side effects of birth control pills do occur, but using oral contraceptives generally is considered safe and effective for most people. In some cases, pills that contain estrogen can raise the risk of stroke, blood clots, and heart attacks in some people and should be avoided. For many people, the benefits of using birth control long ...Oct 24, 2022 · The side effects of brachytherapy are very similar to those of external beam radiation and include irritation to the bladder, irritation of the rectum resulting in more frequent urination, more frequent bowel movements, tiredness and long-term side effects including difficultly with erections. Before The Prostate Brachytherapy Procedure Sep 2, 2015 · In summary, contrary to long-standing precepts that are largely based on the equivalence of the weight and volume of conventional silicone and saline breast implants, the breast implant's weight, rather than its volume, is the cause of many postoperative complications and side effects. Long-term stability of the augmented breast directly ... Among the 2171 women with cosmetic breast implants, 30 developed cancer against 33.7 expected (SIR = 0.9,95% CI = 0.6-1.3). There was no evidence for an increase in breast cancer risk (SIR 0.5, 95 ...More than 365,000 women received breast implants in 2021, a 44% increase from the year before.. Breast augmentation remains one of the most common and popular plastic surgery procedures performed in the U.S., and it has a low risk of complications – the most common being breast pain, changes in nipple and breast sensation, scar tissue formation, and rupture and deflation.Mar 24, 2023 · Contraceptive implants are a long-term birth control method. They're also called long-acting reversible contraception, or LARC. A contraceptive implant is a flexible plastic rod about the size of a matchstick that is placed under the skin of the upper arm. The implant releases a low, steady dose of the hormone progestin. A meeting reveals problems. The FDA changes were prompted by a panel of surgeons, scientists, women, and advocacy groups convened in the spring of 2019. Immediately following the meeting, the FDA moved to ban the sale of textured breast implants, which were linked to an elevated risk of a rare cancer called anaplastic large-cell lymphoma.Nov 1, 2019 · A study published in the Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research looked into the question on if dental implants increased a person’s risk of getting oral cancer. The study concluded that “a direct link between dental implants and oral cancer was not found.”. Thus, the current research indicates that dental implants do not lead to oral ... Other surgical side effects include infection around the implant, swelling and excessive bleeding. Other saline breast implant side effects include under or oversensitive nipples and often the nipples may feel completely numb. The implants also have the potential to break or to leak. Ruptures have occurred although these are typically the ...One of the most common side effects of the implant is irregular menstrual bleeding, and this is the main reason for early discontinuation of the implant. 2 In fact, less than a quarter of people using the implant will continue to have regular periods. 3. This change is due to the altered hormone levels in your body with the implant.bruising. swelling. drooping eyelid or brow. pain in the injected area. other skin discolorations. The majority of these side effects were mild and temporary. Botox is considered safe overall. You ...Overview Breast augmentation — also known as augmentation mammoplasty — is surgery to increase breast size. It involves placing breast implants under breast tissue or chest muscles. For some women, breast augmentation is a way to feel more confident. For others, it's part of rebuilding the breast for various conditions. Aug 21, 2018 · One of the most common side effects of the implant is irregular menstrual bleeding, and this is the main reason for early discontinuation of the implant. 2 In fact, less than a quarter of people using the implant will continue to have regular periods. 3. This change is due to the altered hormone levels in your body with the implant. From the moment silicone compounds became available for implants in humans, long-term effects were of particular concern. It was recognized that subcutaneous implantation of silicone compounds in rodents would produce local tumors at the implantation site. Solid-state carcinogenesis had been discovered in the 1940s and was a well-known ... Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs.The FDA in the US, for example, explains that the longer you have breast implants, the more likely it will be for you to have them removed. In addition, their list of risks associated with this procedure is extensive and detailed, ranging from chest wall deformity to toxic shock syndrome. Now, about 50 years after breast implants were first ...Jan 17, 2022 · How Breast Implants Change Over Time in the Body. As we age, our skin’s collagen production slows, making our skin more prone to loosening and sagging. Breasts with implants are more prone to sagging caused by the excess weight in the implant and from the natural effects of aging. In this instance, it’s not that different from a naturally ... Mastectomy is breast cancer surgery that removes the entire breast. A mastectomy might be done: When a woman cannot be treated with breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), which saves most of the breast. If a woman chooses mastectomy over breast-conserving surgery for personal reasons.Mar 6, 2022 · Redness. Changes in breast or nipple sensation. Implant rupture or leak. Infection. Scarring. Some side effects can last well beyond the healing process. For example, long-term risks of breast implants include: Rupture or deflation: Both saline and silicone gel implants can undergo rupture and deflation. This occurs when a puncture appears in ... The term “breast implant illness”, are symptoms such as fatigue, memory loss, rash, “brain fog,” and joint pain that have been reported by some women with breast implants. Weakness on 1 side of the body, trouble speaking or thinking, change in balance, drooping on one side of the face, or blurred eyesight. Depression or other mood changes. Eyesight changes or loss, bulging eyes, or change in how contact lenses feel. A lump in the breast, breast pain or soreness, or nipple discharge. Flu -like signs.The term “breast implant illness”, are symptoms such as fatigue, memory loss, rash, “brain fog,” and joint pain that have been reported by some women with breast implants. In 2019, an F.D.A. panel heard from dozens of women who implored the agency to take action, with many describing debilitating symptoms generally referred to as breast implant illness.Mar 11, 2019 · Titanium is a commonly used inert bio-implant material within the medical and dental fields. Although the use of titanium is thought to be safe with a high success rate, in some cases, there are rare reports of problems caused by titanium. In most of these problematic reports, only individual reports are dominant and comprehensive reporting has ... This article looks at the long-term consequences arising from dental implant surgery. We also aim to provide information on the success rate of implants, recovery time, and after-care. Long-Term Consequences of Dental Implants. After undergoing dental implant surgery, may experience various complications as described below in this article. They ...Jul 11, 2023 · Overall, 70%–80% of biopsies are negative for cancer, and some show signs of benign breast diseases or conditions that increase the risk of breast cancer. This article will explain a breast biopsy, including the purpose, types of biopsy available, risks, contraindications, and interpretation of the results. Age at operation, duration of polyacrylamide hydrogel implantation, history of possible side effects to the gel injection, other intercurrent diseases, the reason for present open breast operation, and breast palpation findings before operation were in each case compared with the histological findings on samples taken from breast tissue ...References and Proceedings. Home Begell Digital Portal Journals Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants. Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants. Editor-in-Chief: Subrata Saha. ISSN Print: 1050-6934. ISSN Online: 1940-4379. SJR: 0.184 SNIP: 0.485 CiteScore™:: 1.1 H-Index: 39.The long-term implant cumulative survival rate up to 16 years was 82.94%. The prevalence of biological complications was 16.94% and the prevalence of technical complications was 31.09%. The cumulative complication rate after an observation period of 10-16 years was 48.03%, which meant that substantial amounts of chair time were necessary ... The health risks of breast implants. The team found that women with silicone implants had a higher risk of experiencing rare adverse outcomes, including sclerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren’s syndrome. The risk of developing these conditions was around six to eight times higher than in the rest of the population, moreover, silicone ...Although very rare, common risks associated with all surgeries are bleeding and infection. Dr. Jugenburg`s meticulous surgical technique and, if appropriate, the use of Bloodless Breast Augmentation, mean that problems associated with bleeding (e.g., a build-up of blood, known as a hematoma) are extremely unlikely. Results: Major complications occurred following cochlear implantation in 32 patients (8.7%) who had received their initial implant at TMU Hospital. Revision surgery was required for 30 patients. The mean age at implantation was 33 years 6 months (range, 1 year 9 months to 83 years; median, 37 years). The main etiology of deafness was unknown or ...Aug 27, 2019 · Leaking silicone breast implants can cause health problems as well. ... Helling R, et al. (2012). Characterisation and migration properties of silicone materials during typical long-term ...
The most common birth control implant side effect is spotting (light bleeding or brown discharge), especially in the first 6-12 months. Sometimes the implant causes long-term spotting, or periods can get longer and heavier. But for most people, the implant makes their periods way lighter. And some people even stop getting a period at all while ... . Lil brian
Nov 5, 2018 · INTRODUCTION. Since the temporary tissue expander was introduced by Radovan 1 in 1982, two-stage prosthetic breast reconstruction comprising initial insertion of a tissue expander followed by exchange to an implant after a period of inflation has become a well-established option of breast reconstruction either immediately after mastectomy or later. 2 Most of the current literature concentrates ... When they approved silicone gel breast implants in 2006, the FDA required two implant manufacturers, Allergan and Mentor, to each conduct 10-year studies of at least 40,000 women to determine why implants break, how long they can be expected to last, and what the longer-term health consequences of broken and leaking breast implants might be. A mastectomy is surgery to remove all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. For those with early-stage breast cancer, a mastectomy may be one treatment option. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), in which only the tumor is removed from the breast, may be another option.Nov 1, 2019 · A study published in the Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research looked into the question on if dental implants increased a person’s risk of getting oral cancer. The study concluded that “a direct link between dental implants and oral cancer was not found.”. Thus, the current research indicates that dental implants do not lead to oral ... The FDA in the US, for example, explains that the longer you have breast implants, the more likely it will be for you to have them removed. In addition, their list of risks associated with this procedure is extensive and detailed, ranging from chest wall deformity to toxic shock syndrome. Now, about 50 years after breast implants were first ...Background: Vestibular dysfunction is likely the most common complication to cochlear implantation (CI) and may, in rare cases, result in persistent severe vertigo. Literature on long-term vestibular outcomes is scarce.Objective: This paper aims to evaluate vestibular dysfunction before and after cochlear implantation, the long-term vestibular outcomes, and follows up on previous findings of ...May 24, 2019 · implant deflation and rupture. change in breast shape, volume, or sensation. thinning of your breast tissue and skin. calcium deposits. breast discomfort. nipple discharge. dropping or bottoming ... Between one in 355 to one in 2,200 of these individuals develop the disease depending on type of textured implant, according to recent studies. Currently, there does not seem to be a greater cancer risk based on the type of implant (silicone or saline) or the type of surgery (breast augmentation or reconstruction). How Breast Implants Change Over Time in the Body. As we age, our skin’s collagen production slows, making our skin more prone to loosening and sagging. Breasts with implants are more prone to sagging caused by the excess weight in the implant and from the natural effects of aging. In this instance, it’s not that different from a naturally ...Some of the complications and adverse outcomes of breast implants include: Implant complications, such as breast pain and changes in nipple and breast sensation Additional surgeries, with...The FDA in the US, for example, explains that the longer you have breast implants, the more likely it will be for you to have them removed. In addition, their list of risks associated with this procedure is extensive and detailed, ranging from chest wall deformity to toxic shock syndrome. Now, about 50 years after breast implants were first ...US FDA Breast Implant Postapproval Studies: Long-term Outcomes in 99,993 Patients. 2019 Jan;269 (1):30-36. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002990. To analyze the long-term safety and efficacy outcomes of patients with breast implants. This is the largest study of breast implant outcomes. Silicone implants are associated with an increased risk of ... Breast implant illness (BII) is a collection of symptoms that may be related to breast implants. Though the exact cause isn’t known, BII may be related to autoimmune or inflammatory responses. Common symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, brain fog and rash. Healthcare providers diagnose BII by ruling out other conditions.This process is called osseointegration, and it is crucial to the long-term success of the implant. This process can take many months. ... Side effects of dental metal implants: Impact on human ...A mastectomy is surgery to remove all breast tissue from a breast as a way to treat or prevent breast cancer. For those with early-stage breast cancer, a mastectomy may be one treatment option. Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy), in which only the tumor is removed from the breast, may be another option..
