10. 2 11. 2 12. 2 13. 2 14. 2 15. 2 16. 1 17. 2 18. 2 19. 5 20. 5 21. 2 22. 2 23. 2 24. 2 Scoring the MAST Citation: Selzer ML: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening test (MAST): the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry 3:176-181, 1975Drug Abuse Screening Test, DAST-10. The following questions concern information about your possible involvement with drugs not including. alcoholic beverages during the past 12 months. "Drug abuse" refers to (1) the use of prescribed or over‐the‐counter drugs in excess of the directions, and (2) any nonmedical use of drugs.The DAST-10 is a measure which screens for drug use and abuse in the previous 12 months. Drug abuse” refers to the use of prescribed or over‐the‐counter drugs in excess of the directions, and any nonmedical use of drugs. This measure will help evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and is advantageous for use in health care and community ...10. Have you lost friends because of your use of drugs? 11. Have you neglected your family because of your use of drugs? 12. Have you been in trouble at work because of drug abuse? 13. Have you lost a job because of drug abuse? 14. Have you gotten into fights when under the influence of drugs? 15. 5. Book Publications 10 6. Chapter Publications 69 7. Case Studies/Study Material/Articles/Reviews 0 Total 533 Indexing wise Publication Summary (January 2022 to December 2022) S. No. Article Type Total Count 1. Indexed in SCOPUS 416 2. Indexed in Web of Science but not in SCOPUS 0 3. Indexed in DBLP but not in SCOPUS and Web …Description: The Drug Abuse Screen Test (DAST-10) was designed to provide a brief, self-report instrument for population screening, clinical case finding and treatment evaluation research. It can be used with adults and older youth. The DAST-10 yields a quantitative index of the degree of consequences related to drug abuse. Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) General Instructions “Drug use” refers to (1) the use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs in excess of the directions, and (2) any nonmedical use of drugs. The various classes of drugs may include cannabis (i.e., marijuana, hashish), solvents (e.g., paint thinner), tran- A response of at least 1 time was considered positive for drug use. They were also asked the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10). The reference standard was the presence or absence of current (past year) drug use or a drug use disorder (abuse or dependence) as determined by a standardized diagnostic interview. t-ace_alcohol_screen.pdf (va.gov). Tolerance, Worried, Eye- opener, Amnesia, Cut Down. (TWEAK). Five-item instrument that screens for ... DAST-10 (drugabuse.gov)PDFs are a great way to share documents, but they can be difficult to edit. Fortunately, there are plenty of free tools available that allow you to quickly and easily convert your PDFs into fully editable Word documents. Here’s how you can ...The Drug Abuse Screening Test-10 (DAST-10) is a valid and reliable screening tool for drug use-related problems, however there is no Arabic version. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop and validate an Arabic DAST-10 version. Saudi young adults participated in the study as two groups; drug A 10-item, yes/no self-report instrument designed to provide a brief instrument for clinical screening and treatment evaluation and can be used with adults and older youth. Drug Use Questionnaire (DAST - 19)Department of Public Health Sciences, University of TorontoWe would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. In today’s digital age, the ability to view and interact with PDF files is essential. Whether you need to open an important document, read an e-book, or fill out a form, having a reliable PDF reader is crucial.Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST)-Adolescent:13The DAST A is a 20-item screening tool to assess substance use among adolescents, excluding alcohol and tobacco.Jul 25, 2006 · DAST-20 and DAST-10 Version . The original DAST contained 28 items that were modeled after the widely used Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (Selzer, American Journal of Psychiatry, 1971, 127, 1653-1658). Two shortened versions of the DAST were devised using 20-items and 10-items that were good discriminators. 3.1.9 force-diameter ratio—a number calculated as the ratio of the test force in kgf to the square of the indenter ball diameter in mm (see Table 1). 3.1.10 portable Brinell hardness testing machine—a Brinell hardness testing machine that is designed to be transported, carried, set up, and operated by the users, and that measures Brinell hardness by the Brinell hardness test principle.engenheiro - mecanica ampla welberth duque da silva 11/10/2023 10:30 10/10/2023 15:30 dast-pampulha medico - medicina do trabalho ampla fabiola leonor passos possas 06/10/2023 15:00 10/10/2023 16:30 dast-pampulha nutricionista - habilitacao negro deborah de oliveira ramiro 05/10/2023 13:30 10/10/2023 17:00 dast-pampulhaObjetivo: Este estudio evalúa las propiedades psicométricas de dos versiones abreviadas de la Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10 y DAST-20) en una población adulta española. Metodología: Se ...Jul 4, 2015 · DAST-10 performance was compared with three different gold standards: urinalysis, self-reported drug use and evidence of drug use by urinalysis or self-report. 1214 Chinese pregnant women ... the DAST-10 accords with DSM-5 criteria is uncertain. Within an Australian context, few studies have examined DAST-10 content and construct validity or tool acceptance by administrators and raters. References 1. Fischer, J.A., Roche, A.M., and Duraisingam, V. Drug Abuse Screening Test 10 (DAST-10): description,Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) General Instructions. "Drug use" refers to (1) the use of prescribed or drugs in excess of the directions, and (2) any nonmedical use of drugs. over‐the‐counter The various classes of drugs may include cannabis (marijuana, hashish), solvents (e.g., paint thinner), tranquilizers (e.g., Valium ...The DAST-10 is a 10 item self-report instrument that asks about use of drugs, not including alcoholic beverages, during the past 12 months. "Drug use" refers to the use of prescribed or over the counter drugs in excess of what’s directed and any non-medical and/or illegal use of drugs.NOTE: In the following statements, "drug use" refers to 1) the use of prescribed or over the counter drugs in excess of the directions and 2) any.Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) NAME: ____________________________________ DATE: ___________________ DRUG USE QUESTIONNAIRE (DAST-10) The following questions concern information about your possible involvement with drugs, not including alcoholic beverages, during the past 12 months.Scoring and interpreting the DAST: 1. “Yes” responses are one point, “No” responses are zero points. All response scores are added for a total score. 2. The total score correlates with a zone of use, which can be circled on the bottom right corner. Score* Zone Explanation Action . 0 . I – Low Risk “Someone at this level is not currently ... 10-item version; DAST-10 = Drug Abuse Screen Test;. MBI = Maslach Burnout ... Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/bolpsi/ v59n131/v59n131a04.pdf.10. Has a relative, friend, doctor, or other health care worker been ... DAST -10. Carefully read each question and decide if your answer is “YES” or ...A response of at least 1 time was considered positive for drug use. They were also asked the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10). The reference standard was the presence or absence of current (past year) drug use or a drug use disorder (abuse or dependence) as determined by a standardized diagnostic interview. Feb 18, 2010 · Objetivo: Este estudio evalúa las propiedades psicométricas de dos versiones abreviadas de la Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10 y DAST-20) en una población adulta española. Metodología: Se ... DRUG USE QUESTIONNAIRE (DAST-20) Name: _____ Date: _____ The following questions concern information about your potential involvement with drugs not including alcoholic beverages during the past 12 months. Carefully read each statement and decide if your answer is "Yes" or "No". Then, circle the appropriate View ASTR101- Cmap - Seasons.jpg from ASTR 101 at Fayetteville State University. (Towards SunJ / [ Sunlight) N (Longer Dast (Summer) | Earth (Away from SunJ [Shorter Days) ' Winter (MoreErnst Waldschmid : Dast (ed. Mahaparinirvatfa-sutra) and Das Mahavadana-sutra. By J. BROUG 42H 1 Erich Haenisch Politische: und Systeme Kdmpfe im alten China. By 0. B …DAST-10 Drug Abuse Screening Test Market Need The DAST-10 is intended as a brief tool for screening and case finding in a range of settings such as: healthcare, workplace, social services, education, criminal justice – corrections. This instrument takes approximately 5 minutes to administer. Cuestionario de Uso de Drogas (DAST - 10) Las siguientes preguntas se refieren a información acerca de su potencial envolvimiento con drogas excluyendo alcohol y tabaco durante los últimos 30 días. Lea con cuidado cada pregunta y decida si su respuesta es “No” o “Si”. Después, marque el casillero apropiado junto a la pregunta.Coverity identifies critical quality defects and security vulnerabilities as code is written, early in ZPE's development process when they are easiest to fix. Coverity seamlessly integrates automated security testing into CI/CD pipelines, supports existing development tools and workflows, and can be deployed either on-premises or in the cloud.The DAST-10 is a measure which screens for drug use and abuse in the previous 12 months. Drug abuse” refers to the use of prescribed or over‐the‐counter drugs in excess of the directions, and any nonmedical use of drugs. This measure will help evaluate the effectiveness of treatment and is advantageous for use in health care and community ...A dynamic application security testing (DAST) is a non functional testing process where one can assess an application using certain techniques and the end result of such testing process covers security weaknesses and vulnerabilities present in an application. This testing process can be carried out either in manual way or by using automated tools.We evaluate DAST using six real-world buildings, and show that the distribution of the data augmented by DAST matches the distribution of raw data and reduces the error by …AUDIT and DAST-10 Score Interpretation. Score. Zone. Action. AUDIT: 0-7 DAST: 0. Low Risk. Encouragement. & Praise. AUDIT: 8-15 DAST: 1-2. Risky. Brief ...Title Validation of the Drug Abuse Screening Test ( Dast-10 ) : A Studyon Illicit Drug Use among Chinese Pregnant Women ... PDF. Add to Library. Alert. A single- ...doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00661 Modulation of risky choices in recently abstinent dependent cocaine users: a transcranial direct-current stimulation study Alessandra Gorini 1,2 ... -DAST (Gavin et al.,1989) (only to the control group). TRANSCRANIALDIRECT-CURRENTSTIMULATIONDescarga el libro GRATIS (+200 páginas en PDF): ¿Te imaginas multiplicar por 10 los efectos de NoFap? Eso es lo que he intentado... En este directo explicaré cómo. 20% …Drug Abuse Screening Test—DAST-10 Skinner HA. The Drug Abuse Screening Test. Addictive Behavior. 1982;7(4):363-371. Yudko E, Lozhkina O, Fouts A. A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. J Subst Abuse Treatment. 2007;32:189-198. Reprinted with permission from Harvey Skinner, PhD. The crys- tal structure and optical properties of the pure and P(VDF-HFP)/DAST composites with various contents of DAST dye are investigated using various techniques such as …Drug use–related problems were assessed with a slightly modified version of the Drug Abuse Screening Test, short form (DAST-10). The final sample consisted ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.10 E L E M Z É S A belső ellenőrzés kötelező kialakítása mellett a költségvetési szerv vezetőjének a döntése a Bkr. 2016. október 1-jétől hatályos rendelke-zése alapján, hogy azt milyen mértékben vonja be a monitoring pilléren belüli nyomon követési rendszerbe. A belső ellenőrzésnek a nyomon10. Does your spouse (or parents) ever complain about your involvement with drugs? ___ ___ 11. Do your friends or relatives know or suspect you abuse drugs? ___ ___ 12. Has drug abuse ever created problems between you and your spouse? ___ ___ 13. Has any family member ever sought help for problems related to your drug use? ___ ___ 14. Have you ... Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) NAME: ____________________________________ DATE: ___________________ DRUG USE QUESTIONNAIRE (DAST-10) The following questions concern information about your possible involvement with drugs, not including alcoholic beverages, during the past 12 months.Sometimes the need arises to change a photo or image file saved in the .jpg format to the PDF digital document format. With the right software, this conversion can be made quickly and easily.Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) NAME: ____________________________________ DATE: ___________________ DRUG USE QUESTIONNAIRE (DAST-10) The following questions concern information about your possible involvement with drugs, not including alcoholic beverages, during the past 12 months. ... DAST-20, DAST-10, DAST-A). The. DAST items ask about an individual's drug use ... pdf/p17.pdf. *Burnett, A. J., Sabato, T. M., Walter, K. O., Kerr, D. L. ...Identification Test (AUDIT (PDF, 233KB)) X X X CAGE-AID (PDF, 659KB) X X X X CAGE (PDF, 659KB) X X X Drug Abuse Screen Test (DAST-10 (PDF, 168KB)) X X X X CRAFFT X X X X X DAST-20: Adolescent version (PDF 1.2MB) X X X X LINK:10 E L E M Z É S A belső ellenőrzés kötelező kialakítása mellett a költségvetési szerv vezetőjének a döntése a Bkr. 2016. október 1-jétől hatályos rendelke-zése alapján, hogy azt milyen mértékben vonja be a monitoring pilléren belüli nyomon követési rendszerbe. A belső ellenőrzésnek a nyomonDescarga el libro GRATIS (+200 páginas en PDF): ¿Te imaginas multiplicar por 10 los efectos de NoFap? Eso es lo que he intentado... En este directo explicaré cómo. 20% …Cuestionario de Uso de Drogas (DAST - 10) Las siguientes preguntas se refieren a información acerca de su potencial envolvimiento con drogas excluyendo alcohol y tabaco durante los últimos 30 días. Lea con cuidado cada pregunta y decida si su respuesta es “No” o “Si”. Después, marque el casillero apropiado junto a la pregunta. A score of 3 or more on the DAST-10 indicates the likelihood of substance abuse or dependence. However a diagnosis would need to be established by conducting a further diagnostic assessment, as the DAST-10 is ideal for use as a screening tool. References Skinner HA. The drug abuse screening test. Addict Behav. 1982;7(4):363-371. DAST-10 Introduction!e Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) is a 10-item brief screening tool that can be administered by a clinician or self-administered. Each question requires a yes or no response, and the tool can be completed in less than 8 minutes. !is tool assesses drug use, not including alcohol or tobacco use, in the past 12 months. The DAST may be used in a variety of settings to provide a quick index of drug abuse problems.</p> <p>The DAST-10 is a 10-item self-report instrument that has been condensed from the 28-item DAST. It was copyrighted in 1982 by Harvey Skinner, PhD and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada. The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) is a 10-item brief screening tool that can be administered by a clinician or self-administered. Each question requires a yes or no response, and the tool can be completed in less than 8 minutes. This tool assesses drug use, not including alcohol or tobacco use, in the past 12 months.Feb 25, 2016 · It takes about 5 minutes to administer the DAST-20 and 2 minutes to score the DAST-10. NOTE re: history and alternate names: The original measure had 28 items and was adapted from the MAST. The 20-item version of the DAST was found to have psychometric properties comparable with the 28-item version, and is now commonly referred to as the DAST ... Aug 1, 2009 · Uso del AUDIT y el DAST-10 para la identificación de abuso de sustancias psicoactivas y alcohol en adolescentes Revista Colombiana de Psicología, Vol. 18, Núm. 1, enero-junio, 2009, pp. 9-17 Uso del AUDIT y el DAST-10 para la identificación de abuso de sustancias psicoactivas y alcohol en adolescentes Revista Colombiana de Psicología, Vol. 18, Núm. 1, enero-junio, 2009, pp. 9-17We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.DAST-10 (Bedregal et al., 2006) es un cuestionario de tamizaje de 10 reactivos para el abuso de sustancias. Los ítems fueron adaptados en su redacción para población adolescente. Las preguntas buscan identificar en el adolescente trastornos psicológicos y médicos por causa del consumo de sustancias y reconoce cuatro niveles de riesgo.10. 2 11. 2 12. 2 13. 2 14. 2 15. 2 16. 1 17. 2 18. 2 19. 5 20. 5 21. 2 22. 2 23. 2 24. 2 Scoring the MAST Citation: Selzer ML: The Michigan Alcoholism Screening test (MAST): the quest for a new diagnostic instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry 3:176-181, 1975Scoring and interpreting the DAST: 1. “Yes” responses are one point, “No” responses are zero points. All response scores are added for a total score. 2. The total score correlates with a zone of use, which can be circled on the bottom right corner. Score* Zone Explanation Action . 0 . I – Low Risk “Someone at this level is not currently（例：DAST－10－AA－B）. ・送信局：アナログ信号をお求めの場合は、入力信号1～5V DC. または4～20mA DCをご指定下さい。 ①種類. A：送信局. B：受信局. ②入出力信号.Substance Abuse Prescription Illicit Substance Over the Counter Product Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Personal Medical History Yes No Indicator. 3254070. Have you had medical problems as a result of your drug use (e.g., memory loss, hepatitis, convulsions, bleeding, etc.)? Substance Abuse Prescription Illicit Substance Over the Counter Product ...The ten item Drug Abuse Screening Test – ten item (DAST-10) screens for drug-related problems, excluding alcohol. Download DAST Overview ; Tool in Word; Tool in PDF; Tool in PDF (Boston University) Online (Patient Tools) The DAST (Skinner, 1982b ) was developed to screen for the presence of consequences associated with drug abuse; currently there are four forms of the DAST with varying numbers of items (i.e., DAST-28, DAST -20, DAST -10, DAST -A). The DAST items ask about an individual’s drug use and any psychosocial problems that resulted from drug abuse.AUDIT and DAST-10 Score Interpretation. Score. Zone. Action. AUDIT: 0-7 DAST: 0. Low Risk. Encouragement. & Praise. AUDIT: 8-15 DAST: 1-2. Risky. Brief ...Drug Abuse Screening Test, DAST-10. The following questions concern information about your possible involvement with drugs not including. alcoholic beverages during the past 12 months. "Drug abuse" refers to (1) the use of prescribed or over‐the‐counter drugs in excess of the directions, and (2) any nonmedical use of drugs.Appendix W: Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) DAST-10: Scoring and interpretation. Appendix X: Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) Appendix Y: The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) Appendix Z: Suicide risk screener scorer and interpretation; Appendix AA: Referral pro forma; Appendix BB: Cognitive behavioural techniquesDrug Abuse Screening Test, DAST-10. The following questions concern information about your possible involvement with drugs not including. alcoholic beverages during the past 12 months. "Drug abuse" refers to (1) the use of prescribed or over‐the‐counter drugs in excess of the directions, and (2) any nonmedical use of drugs.DRUG USE QUESTIONNAIRE (DAST -10) NAME: ______________________________ Date:___________________ The following questions concern information about your potential involvement with drugs excluding alcohol and tobacco during the past 12 months. Carefully read each countyment and decide if your answer is "YES" or "NO".3.1.9 force-diameter ratio—a number calculated as the ratio of the test force in kgf to the square of the indenter ball diameter in mm (see Table 1). 3.1.10 portable Brinell hardness …pdf (accessed April 2021). French, M.T., Roebuck, M.C., McGeary, K.A., Chitwood, D.D. and McCoy, C.B. (2001), “Using the drug abuse screening test (DAST-10) ...Drug Abuse Screening Test Information for facilitator: Score 1 point for each question answered “Yes.” DAST – 1 Pre-Screen Scoring Clients who answer no to the first question (score of 0) should stop and not complete the rest of the questions. Clients who answer yes to first question (score of 1) should complete the remaining 9 questions.Remember that the questions do not include alcoholic beverages. DAST-10 INTERPRETATION. DAST- 1 0. Degree of Problems. Related to Drug Abuse. Suggested. Action.INSTRUMENT TITLE: Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST). SOURCE ARTICLE: Skinner ... 10. Does your spouse ever complain about your involvement with drugs? 11. Do ...None at this time 1‐2 Low level Monitor, re‐assess at a later date 3‐5 Moderate level Further investigation 6‐8 DAST-10 drugabuse.gov. Page 32. Scoring the DAST-10. — Based on giving 1 point per question. — Total score = level of risk for substance abuse. Risk Level. DAST ...... 10-item version; DAST-10 = Drug Abuse Screen Test;. MBI = Maslach Burnout ... Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/bolpsi/ v59n131/v59n131a04.pdf.The Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) is a 10-item brief screening tool that can be administered by a clinician or self-administered. Each question requires a yes or no response, and the tool can be completed in less than 8 minutes. This tool assesses drug use, not including alcohol or tobacco use, in the past 12 months. Have you ever experienced withdrawal symptoms (felt sick) when you stopped taking drugs? No. Yes. 10. Have you had medical problems as a result of your drug use ...CUESTIONARIO DE USO DE DROGAS (DAST-10) Las siguientes preguntas se refieren a información acerca de su potencial envolvimiento con drogas excluyendo alcohol y tabaco durante los últimos 12 meses. Lea con cuidado cada pregunta y decida si su respuesta es “No” o “Si”. Después, marque el casillero apropiado junto a la pregunta. Oct. 17, 2023, 9:47 p.m. ET An explosion killed hundreds of people on Tuesday at a hospital in Gaza City that was packed with people sheltering there, Gazan officials said, as Palestinians and...
Objetivo: Este estudio evalúa las propiedades psicométricas de dos versiones abreviadas de la Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10 y DAST-20) en una población adulta española. Metodología: Se .... Committee bylaws
Ladda ned som PDF; Utskriftsvänlig version; Språk. Språklänkar finns längst upp på sidan mittemot titeln. Sök. Sök. ... Mellan 1990 och 2018 drev Falk företaget Zen Zat AB och han var redaktör för DAST-Magazine 1999–2003. Hans biografi om Feroze Gandhi, ... Sidan redigerades senast den 22 oktober 2023 kl. 10.28.Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) General Instructions “Drug use” refers to (1) the use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs in excess of the directions, and (2) any nonmedical use of drugs. The various classes of drugs may include cannabis (i.e., marijuana, hashish), solvents (e.g., paint thinner), tran-Based on the results of a full screen (such as the AUDIT or DAST), you get: Select one: a. A referral to treatment. b. ... 1 immersion head to toe powerpoint.pdf. 1 immersion head to toe powerpoint.pdf. 31. PS_4-2.pdf. PS_4-2.pdf. 2. Newly uploaded documents See more. Week 11 response.docx.Remember that the questions do not include alcoholic beverages. DAST-10 INTERPRETATION. DAST- 1 0. Degree of Problems. Related to Drug Abuse. Suggested. Action.These three formats are: 312-49v10 PDF dumps, desktop Computer Hacking Forensic Investigator (CHFI-v10) practice test software, and Eccouncil 312-49v10 web-based practice exam software.Scoring and interpreting the DAST: 1. “Yes” responses are one point, “No” responses are zero points. All response scores are added for a total score. 2. The total score correlates with a zone of use, which can be circled on the bottom right corner. Score* Zone Explanation Action . 0 . I – Low Risk “Someone at this level is not currently Drug Abuse Screening Test, DAST-10 The following questions concern information about your possible involvement with drugs not including alcoholic beverages during the past 12 months. "Drug abuse" refers to (1) the use of prescribed or over‐the‐counter drugs in excess of the directions, and (2) any nonmedical use of drugs.10. Does your spouse (or parents) ever complain about your involvement with drugs? ___ ___ 11. Do your friends or relatives know or suspect you abuse drugs? ___ ___ 12. Has drug abuse ever created problems between you and your spouse? ___ ___ 13. Has any family member ever sought help for problems related to your drug use? ___ ___ 14. Have you ...None at this time 1‐2 Low level Monitor, re‐assess at a later date 3‐5 Moderate level Further investigation 6‐8 DAST 10 The DAST 10 (Drug Abuse Screen Test) is a 10-item, yes/no self-report instrument that has been condensed from the 28-item DAST and should take less than eight minutes to complete. Designed to provide a brief instrument for clinical screening and treatment evaluation and can be used with adults and older youth. Drug Abuse Screening Test—DAST-10 Skinner HA. The Drug Abuse Screening Test. Addictive Behavior. 1982;7(4):363-371. Yudko E, Lozhkina O, Fouts A. A comprehensive review of the psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test. J Subst Abuse Treatment. 2007;32:189-198. Reprinted with permission from Harvey Skinner, PhD. .